The Scientific Revolution—an off-shoot of the Enlightenment that created “science” as we know it today (The “Before” Picture: natural philosophers rely on ancient authorities, especially the Bible, and common sense—The “After” Picture: scientists use their own observation, experimentation, and data to test hypotheses for themselves without relying on any other authority)
Geocentric System (aka “Geocentrism”—literally “the belief in Earth-centered universe”)—the theory that the Earth is the center of the entire universe
Heliocentric System (aka “Heliocentrism”—literally “the belief in sun-centered universe”)—the theory that the Earth is a planet revolving around the Sun, which occupies the center of the “solar system”